Ukunyakaza kwe-Fetal kwi-bladder kunye nohlobo lwe-fetus
Izifundo zonyango ziye zachaza ukuba ukuhamba kwe-fetus kwi-bladder ngexesha lokukhulelwa kuthathwa njengento eqhelekileyo kwaye ayifaki nayiphi na ingozi kumama okanye kwi-fetus. I-fetus inokuhamba ngokukhululekileyo kwisibeleko kwaye ibeke uxinzelelo kwi-bladder, ibangele ukuvakalelwa komchamo okanye umnqweno wokuchama.
Ngokuphathelele unxibelelwano phakathi kwentshukumo yomntwana kwisinyi kunye nesini somntwana ongekazalwa, kukho iinkolelo ezikhoyo ezibonisa oku, kodwa akukho khonkco lwenzululwazi oluqinisekisiweyo ukungqina eli bango. Ezinye iimbali zibonisa ukuba isalathiso seenyawo ze-fetus ezantsi kunye nentloko yayo phezulu ibonisa indawo yomntwana. Kodwa kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba olu lwazi alunabungqina besayensi.
Uphononongo lukwabonisa ukuba ukunyakaza kwe-fetus kwisisu esisezantsi kwiinyanga zokuqala zokukhulelwa kubonisa impilo enhle kumntwana. Ukuba uvakalelwa ukuba umntwana ushukuma kwisinyi, oku kubonisa ukuba umntwana usempilweni kwaye uhamba kwixesha eliqhelekileyo lokukhula.
Ngaphezu koko, ulwalathiso lokuhamba kwe-fetus kwi-bladder lubonisa isondo somntwana, kodwa eli libango elingalunganga. Isalathiso sokuhamba kwe-fetus sinokuvela kwindawo engezantsi phantsi kwe-bladder kwi-fetus yesilisa, ngelixa intshukumo ye-fetus inokuvakala kwindawo ephezulu yesisu kwi-fetus yabasetyhini.
Yintoni ebangela intshukumo yomntwana kwisinyi?
Ixesha lokukhulelwa libonakaliswa yiziganeko ezininzi kunye neenguqu ezenzeka emzimbeni wesifazane okhulelweyo. Phakathi kwezi nguqu, ukunyakaza kwe-fetus kuqhelekileyo kwaye kukhangele amehlo. Ukuba uyazibuza ukuba kutheni umntwana ongekazalwa ehamba ngaphantsi kwesinyi, nalu ulwazi olubalulekileyo.
Ukuhamba kwe-fetus phantsi kwe-bladder yintshukumo eqhelekileyo eyenziwa ngabasetyhini abaninzi abakhulelweyo. Izizathu zokwenzeka kwayo ikakhulu zibangelwa yindlela umntwana ongekazalwa ehlala ngayo esibelekweni sikamama. Abanye babonisa ukuba ukuhamba kwe-fetus phantsi kwe-bladder luphawu lokukhula komntwana kunye nokukhulelwa okunempilo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, umama okhulelweyo uziva le ntshukumo ngexesha lezigaba eziphambili zokukhulelwa.
Ukuhamba kwe-fetus kwi-bladder kukhokelela kwimiphumo ethile kumama, kuquka ukuziva udiniwe rhoqo kunye nomnqweno oqhubekayo wokuchama ngenxa yoxinzelelo kwi-bladder. Kwakhona, umama unokuziva eshukuma emazantsi esisu ngenxa yemisebenzi yokwetyisa okanye iingxaki, ezinjengokwetyisa, ukuqunjelwa, ukuqokelelana kwerhasi, okanye kwanezihlunu zesisu.
Kunokubakho iinkolelo ezithi ukuhamba kwe-fetus phantsi kwe-bladder kubonisa isini somntwana. Nangona kunjalo, akukho bungqina besayensi bokuqinisekisa ukuba kukho ikhonkco phakathi kwentshukumo yomntwana kule ndawo kunye nesini somntwana.
Kubalulekile ukwazi ukuba ukunyakaza kwe-fetus phantsi kwe-bladder akusona isizathu sokukhathazeka kwaye ngokuqhelekileyo kuqhelekile kwiimeko ezininzi. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba iimpawu ezinxulumene nokunyakaza kwe-fetus kwi-bladder ziqhubeka okanye iimpawu ezingaqhelekanga ezifana nesifo sohudo, kucetyiswa ukuba ubone ugqirha ukuqinisekisa ukukhulelwa okunempilo kunye nokulawula ezinye iingxaki zempilo.
Nangona intshukumo esebenzayo yosana olungekazalwa iluphawu oluhle lokukhula kwayo okusempilweni, kubalulekile ukuba umama okhulelweyo ahlale enxibelelana neqela lakhe lokhathalelo lwezempilo ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lwakhe kunye nokhuseleko losana olungekazalwa. Iingcebiso zonyango zinokunika induduzo kunye nesiqinisekiso sokuba yonke into ekukhulelweni ihamba kakuhle.
Ngaba i-fetus eyindoda ibeka uxinzelelo kwisinyi?
Ngexesha lokukhulelwa, zininzi iinguqulelo ezenzekayo kumzimba womfazi okhulelweyo, kuquka nokwandiswa kwesibeleko njengoko usana lukhula. Kwiinyanga zokugqibela zokukhulelwa, i-fetus inokubeka uxinzelelo kwiindawo ezikufutshane, kubandakanywa ne-bladder.
Ukuhamba kwe-fetus kwi-bladder kubangela ukuba umama okhulelweyo ahlale eziva efuna ukuchama. Kungenzeka ukuba i-fetus icinezela ngokuthe ngqo kwi-bladder, ikhuthaza ukuziva ukuchama rhoqo kunye nokungakhululeki.
Nangona kunjalo, kufuneka siqaphele ukuba esi siphumo asiphelelanga kwi-fetus yendoda kuphela. Abanye abasetyhini abakhulelweyo abathwele usana olungekazalwa basenokufumana iimpawu ezifanayo. Inyaniso kukuba akukho bungqina besayensi bokuqinisekisa ukuba isondo somntwana sichaphazela umphumo we-fetus kwi-bladder.
Kukho nezinye iinkolelo ezinxulumene nokuchama rhoqo kunye nokukhulelwa, njengokutshintsha umbala womchamo. Kodwa abukho ubungqina benzululwazi obuxhasa la mabango.
Nangona ukunyakaza kwe-fetus kunokubangela ukungahambi kakuhle kumama okhulelweyo, kuthathwa njengento eqhelekileyo ngexesha lokukhulelwa. Oomama abakhulelweyo abachama rhoqo bacetyiswa ukuba bawusingatha lo mbandela ngeendlela ezilula, ezinjengokuphepha ulwelo olucaphukisa isinyi, njengecaffeine notywala, nokuphepha incindi eneasidi.
Iphi intshukumo yomntwana obhinqileyo?
Inyanga yesihlanu yokukhulelwa lixesha apho i-fetus yowesifazane iqala ukubonakala kwaye iqale ukuhamba. Ukuhamba kwe-fetus yowesifazane kubonakala ngobuninzi bayo kunye neentlobo ezahlukeneyo, kwaye idla ngokuvakala kwindawo engezantsi yesisu. Le ntshukumo inokuphazamisa kakhulu kumama, njengoko ibonisa umsebenzi omkhulu kunye namandla ngaphakathi kwesibeleko.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-fetus yesilisa ibonakala ngokunyakaza okuncinci kwaye okunamandla, kwaye sinokuziva rhoqo kwisisu esiphezulu. Iintshukumo zomntwana ongekazalwa zifana nokukhaba okukhanyayo kunye nemilenze yakhe, kwaye aziphapheki kwaye ziyasebenza xa kuthelekiswa neentshukumo zosana olusetyhini.
Ngaphandle kwalo mahluko kwintshukumo yomntwana phakathi kwamadoda nabasetyhini, uphando oluninzi alukhange bubonakalise ubukho balo naliphi na ikhonkco phakathi kwentshukumo yomntwana kunye nendawo yomntwana kwicala elithile okanye kwindawo ye-placenta, kwaye ayinabudlelwane phakathi kwentshukumo yosana kunye ucansi lubonisiwe.
Kuthetha ukuthini ukunyakaza kwe-fetus kwisisu esisezantsi?
Ukunyakaza kwe-Fetal kwisisu esisezantsi yinto eqhelekileyo kunye neqhelekileyo kubasetyhini abakhulelweyo. Abasetyhini abaninzi banokuziva beshukuma rhoqo kwisisu esisezantsi ngexesha lokukhulelwa, kwaye oku kunokuphakamisa imibuzo emininzi kunye nemibuzo malunga nentsingiselo yale ntshukumo kunye nento enokuyibonisa.
Uphando lwezenzululwazi kunye nophando lubonisa ukuba ukunyakaza kwe-fetus kwisisu esisezantsi kuthathwa njengento eqhelekileyo kunye nendalo, kwaye kubonisa ukukhula nokuphuhliswa komntwana ngaphakathi kwesibeleko sikamama. Xa i-fetus iqala kwiinyanga zokuqala zokukhulelwa, iqala ukusebenzisa intshukumo ngaphakathi kwesibeleko, kwaye umama unokuziva ngathi i-flutters encinci efana nemvakalelo yamabhabhathane esiswini sakhe.
Njengoko ukukhulelwa kuqhubeka kwaye i-fetus ikhula, ukuhamba kwayo kuya kuba namandla kwaye kucace ngakumbi, kwaye umama unokuziva ukunyakaza okufihlakeleyo okanye ukukhaba okunamandla kwi-fetus kumazantsi esisu. Amandla entshukumo asenokunxulumana nendawo kunye nendawo yosana olungekazalwa ngaphakathi kwesibeleko.
Nangona kunjalo, kunokubakho ezinye izizathu ezinokukhokelela ekuhambeni rhoqo kwisisu esisezantsi kumfazi okhulelweyo. Le ntshukumo ingaba ngumphumo wemisebenzi yokugaya okanye iingxaki, ezifana nokugaya, ukunyanzeliswa, ukuqokelela igesi, kunye nokuqunjelwa.
Kukwakho ukubakho kwe-spasm ye-muscle yesisu, enokubangela ukuvakalelwa kwentshukumo emazantsi esisu kwabasetyhini abakhulelweyo.
Ukuba umfazi okhulelweyo uvakalelwa ukunyakaza kwe-fetus engapheliyo kwisisu esisezantsi kwinyanga yesithandathu, kwaye uqaphele ukuqala kweempawu ezifana nesifo sohudo, unokucetyiswa ukuba abone ugqirha ukuba aqinisekise ukuba yonke into ilungile.
Kufuneka kwakhona sikhankanye ukuba kukho iinkolelo eziqhelekileyo phakathi kwabasetyhini malunga nokuhamba komntwana kwiinyanga zokuqala kunye nobudlelwane bayo kwisini somntwana. Nangona kunjalo, ezi nkolelo azingqinwa ngokwenzululwazi kwaye abukho ubungqina obuqinileyo bokuxhasa ukunyaniseka kwazo.
Ngaba i-fetus iyahamba ngelixa i-pelvis?
Usana olungekazalwa luyaqhubeka nokuhamba ngaphakathi esibelekweni ngexesha lokubeleka kwangoko de kube kuqalwa ukuzalwa. Ubume bentshukumo yemveku iyatshintsha njengoko ukuzalwa kusondela, ngenxa yokwanda kobukhulu kunye nokuhla kwayo kwindawo ye-pelvic ukulungiselela ukuphuma kwisibeleko. Ukuhamba kwayo kuba buthathaka kwaye ithande ukuba yinto engaqhelekanga xa kuthelekiswa neenyanga ezidlulileyo zokukhulelwa, kodwa nje ukuba umntwana uqhubeka ehamba, oku kubonisa ukulungela ukuzalwa.
Imvakalelo kamama yokushukuma kombungu kwi-pelvis okanye emazantsi esisu yenye yeempawu zokuhla komntwana kwi-pelvis ngaphambi kokuzalwa. Xa i-fetus isehla, umama unokuva ukuhamba kwayo kwi-pelvis okanye uxinzelelo kwimisipha ye-pelvic.Oku kunokukhatshwa kukwanda kwencindi yelungu lobufazi kunye nobunzima bokuhamba.
Ukuhla kwe-fetus kwi-pelvis kuthetha ukuba intloko yayo iphantsi, kwaye umama unokuqaphela ngokucacileyo ukuhamba kwe-fetus kumazantsi esisu. Oku kunokukhatshwa lutshintsho kwimilo yesisu sikamama kunye nokuncipha kwayo. Ezi mpawu zibonisa ukuba umntwana ongekazalwa sele ekulungele ukuzalwa, ngokuqhelekileyo kwisithathu sokugqibela sokukhulelwa.
Nangona kunjalo, umama kufuneka athathele ingqalelo ukuba ukuhamba kwe-fetus kwisisu esisezantsi kwinyanga yesihlanu kunokuba ngumphumo wokutshintsha izikhundla ze-fetus kwaye akubangeli isizathu sokukhathazeka. Kuhlala kucetyiswa ukuba ubone ugqirha ukuba ahlole isikhundla somntwana kwaye aqinisekise ukuba akukho ngxaki.
I-fetus ihamba ngaphakathi kwisibeleko kwiinyanga ezilithoba zokukhulelwa, kwaye inokuhla iye kwi-pelvis ngomzuzu wokugqibela phambi kokuzalwa. I-fetus ihlala kwisisu kude kube lixesha lokuzalwa, kodwa izizathu ezininzi zinokuthi zenzeke ezibangela ukuba yehlele kwi-pelvis. Oku kuthetha ukuba ukuhamba kwe-fetus kwi-pelvis ngaphambi kokuzalwa kuqhelekileyo kwaye kuqhelekileyo.
Iqala nini imveku ukuchama kwisibeleko sikanina?
- Umntwana ongekazalwa ngokuqhelekileyo uqala ukuchama ekupheleni kwenyanga yesithathu yokukhulelwa. Izintso zomntwana zikhula phakathi kweveki ye-13 kunye ne-16 yokukhulelwa kwaye ikwazi ukwenza umsebenzi wokuchama.
- Usana olungekazalwa luyadada kwaye lusele umchamo walo malunga neeveki ezingama-25, njengoko umchamo ukhutshwa ngaphakathi kwingxowa yeamniotic. Umthamo womchamo oveliswayo uyanda phakathi kweeveki ze-13 kunye ne-16 xa izintso ziphuhliswe ngokupheleleyo.
- Nangona kunjalo, abaphandi bathi umntwana ongekazalwa uqala ukuchama esibelekweni kwindawo ethile phakathi kweeveki zesithoba kunye neshumi elinesithandathu.
- I-fetus iqala ukuchama kwisiqingatha sesibini sokukhulelwa, kwaye ukuchama ngeli xesha kwahluke kakhulu ekuchameni okuqhelekileyo kuba ayinayo i-urea ngomlinganiselo omkhulu. Ekuzalweni, i-amniotic fluid ijika ibe ngumchamo.
- Ukukhala nako kunendima ebalulekileyo kuhambo lwemveku esibelekweni sikanina. Kamva ekukhulelweni, imveku engekazalwa iqalisa ukusela ulwelo olusesibelekweni ize ibuyele ekuchameni.
- IiGynecologists zihlala zenza iimviwo ze-ultrasound rhoqo ngexesha lokukhulelwa ukujonga ukukhula komntwana ngaphakathi kwesibeleko. Ngamanye amaxesha, kunokwenzeka ukubona umntwana ongekazalwa eqala ukuchama ngexesha lovavanyo.
Lulula nini uxinzelelo lomntwana kwisinyi?
Uxinzelelo lwe-fetal kwisinyi lunokukhokelela ekwandeni kokuchama rhoqo kwabasetyhini abakhulelweyo. Izinga lokupompa igazi kwi-uterus liyanda ngexesha lokukhulelwa, okubangela ukuba isibeleko sicinezele kwi-bladder kwaye sinciphise umthamo waso, senze ukuba sizalise umchamo ngokukhawuleza kunesiqhelo.
Olu xinzelelo lwenze ukuba umfazi okhulelweyo afune ukuchama rhoqo. Ukongeza, iyayazi indawo yomntwana ngaphakathi kwesibeleko sikanina.Ukuba kukho iintlungu kwindawo yembambo, oku kuthetha ukuba indawo yosana iphezulu esibelekweni.
Njengoko ukukhulelwa kuqhubeka yaye kungena isiqingatha sesibini sesiqingatha sonyaka, uxinezeleko lomntwana kwisinyi lusenokuncipha kangangexesha elithile, kodwa umnqweno wokuchama rhoqo unokubuya emva kwexesha elithile ngenxa yokwanda koxinzelelo kwisinyi. Oku kwanda koxinzelelo kunxulunyaniswa nokwenzeka kwe-preeclampsia (uxinzelelo oluphezulu lokukhulelwa), kunye nokunyuka kobunzima kunye nokuvuvukala kobuso kunye nezandla (ukugcinwa kwamanzi) kunokubonwa kwi-fetus ngentshukumo okanye i-flutter efana nokuhamba ibhabhathane.
Njengoko isibeleko sinyuka phezulu kwisisu, uxinzelelo lwaso kwi-bladder luyancipha, lunciphisa isidingo esiqhelekileyo sokuchama.
Abasetyhini abaninzi abakhulelweyo banokuchatshazelwa yile meko kwaye iyenzeka ngenxa yoxinzelelo olubangelwa yi-fetus kwisinyi somchamo. Nangona kunjalo, le meko iqhelekile kwaye akukho nto inokwenziwa ukuyinciphisa. Kungcono ukuba umama aphile nale meko kwaye ayamkele de iphele. Akukhuthazwa ukunciphisa umthamo we-fluid ukukhulula ukutshisa ngexesha lokuchama.
Ukuchama rhoqo kuyanda kwiinyanga ezintathu zokugqibela zokukhulelwa ngenxa yoxinzelelo olwandisiweyo kwisinyi, kwaye oku kuhambelana nokunyuka kobukhulu besibeleko kunye nokukhula kombungu. Ibhinqa elikhulelweyo lisenokufumanisa ukuba kufuneka litshintshe indawo yalo ngendlela engafanelekanga lihleli okanye limile.
Kwinqanaba lokugqibela lokukhulelwa, isinyi sibamba umchamo omncinci ngenxa yoxinzelelo olubekwe kuso yi-fetus.
Ngaba yinyani ukuba inkwenkwe ikwicala elifanelekileyo?
Ubukho bemveku kwicala lasekunene lesisu kuthetha ukuba ibhinqa likhulelwe umntwana oyinkwenkwe, Ngokuchasene noko, ukuba usana olungekazalwa lugxile kwicala lasekhohlo, ngoko ukhulelwe umntwana oyintombazana. Oku kubangelwa ingcamango yokuba isondo somntwana sinqunywe ngokusekelwe kwindawo ye-placenta, ngoko ke ukuba ikwicala lasekunene lesisu, isondo sinokuba yindoda, kodwa ukuba ikwicala lasekhohlo. , isini kusenokwenzeka ukuba ibe ngamabhinqa.
Ulwazi olujikelezayo lubonisa ukuba le nto isekelwe kwiimpawu ezininzi, ezifana nokuhamba kombungu onokuthi azive umfazi. Ukuba uva ukuba usana olungekazalwa lushukuma ngakumbi kwicala lasekunene, oku kunokuba bubungqina bokuba ukhulelwe inkwenkwe. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngokwezifundo zesayensi, akuzange kuboniswe ukuba kukho naluphi na ubudlelwane phakathi kobunzima bokukhulelwa kwicala lasekunene kunye nokumisela isondo somntwana.
Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba akukho zifundo zenzululwazi ezibonisa ubungqina bale nkcazo kwaye ziqinisekisa ukuthembeka kwayo. Kungcono ukuthatha ulwazi lokukhulelwa kwimithombo yonyango ethembekileyo, njengoogqirha kunye nabacebisi.
Kufuneka kwakhona kugxininiswe ukuba ekuphela kwento ekwaziyo ukugqiba ngokuchanekileyo isondo somntwana luhlolo lwezonyango oluphezulu, olufana ne-ultrasound, enika imifanekiso ecacileyo yokukhulelwa, ukuhamba komntwana kunye nendawo ye-placenta. Ngoko ke, kucetyiswa ukuba u tyelele ugqirha oyingcali ukwenzela ukuba uqinisekise ukuchaneka kolwazi olusasazwayo.
Ngaba umntwana ongekazalwa uyakuva oko unina akuvayo?
Nangona usana olungekazalwa lungaphakathi kwisibeleko sikamama, luyakwazi ukuva izandi ezithile kulwelo olusingqongileyo. Imveku engekazalwa iyakwazi ukuva isandi kunye nepateni yezandi ezikhuphayo, njengesandi sikamama esitya okanye ethetha naye.
Ukususela kwiiveki ezingama-25-26 zokukhulelwa, usana luqala ukusabela kwizandi ezisingqongileyo, ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwesibeleko sikamama. Uyakwazi ukuva isandi sentliziyo nemiphunga, ukuqukuqela kwegazi kwinkaba, nayo nayiphi na enye ingxolo ekwimeko-bume emngqongileyo.
Uphando lwakutshanje lubonisa ukuba ukuva kwemveku engekazalwa kukhula kakuhle, kwanakwinqanaba xa ingaphakathi esibelekweni. I-fetus iyakwazi ukwahlula izandi ezivayo, kwaye inokusabela kuzo ngeentshukumo zayo.
Ngaphezu koko, usana olungekazalwa luchatshazelwa kukutshintsha kwemo yeemvakalelo umama ahlangabezana nako ngexesha lokukhulelwa. Ngoko ke, kucetyiswa ukuba umama aqonde ukubaluleka kokunxibelelana nosana olungekazalwa, njengoko kufuneka azive ethandwa yaye ethuthuzelekile. Umama unokubalisa umntwana ongekazalwa ibali ngokungathi uphambi kwakhe kwaye uyaliva, okanye unokumenza ukuba ive iKur’an, umculo, kunye nezinye izandi ezimzolisayo kwaye zimncede aphumle.
Noko ke, imveku engekazalwa iqalisa ukuva izandi zangaphandle (ngaphandle kwesibeleko sikanina) emva kweenyanga ezintandathu, yaye ngaloo ndlela umama uqalisa ukuva usana lushukuma ngaphakathi kuye xa esiva ilizwi lakhe okanye ilizwi likayise. Nangona usana olungekazalwa lusiva izandi ezithile kwisibeleko sikanina, alukwazi ukufunxa ngendlela efanayo naleyo thina njengabantu abadala sinokufunxa ngayo izandi.
Ngaba ukudinwa komama kuchaphazela ukuhamba komntwana?
Uhlolisiso lwakutshanje olwenziwa ngabaphandi beYunivesithi yaseColumbia eUnited States lubonisa ukuba ukudinwa nokudinwa kukanina kunokuchaphazela ukukhula komntwana ongekazalwa yaye kusenokuphumela ekubeni abeleke ngaphambi kwexesha. Ngokweziphumo ezipapashwe kwijenali yenzululwazi "Iinkqubo zeNational Academy of Sciences", uxinzelelo olubangelwa yimithwalo yobomi bemihla ngemihla, njengokusebenza ixesha elide, lunokudluliselwa ukusuka kumama ukuya kwi-fetus ngokusebenzisa i-placenta kwaye luchaphazela. ukukhula kwengqondo ye-fetus.
Uphononongo lwamazwe ngamazwe luye lwabonisa ukuba ukubonakaliswa okuphindaphindiweyo koxinzelelo ngexesha lokukhulelwa kunokuchaphazela ukukhula komntwana kwaye kukhokelela ekuzalweni kwabantwana abanobunzima obuphantsi. Oku kungenxa yokunyuka kwinqanaba lamahomoni egazini likamama, njenge-adrenaline kunye ne-thyroxine, ekhokelela ekucaphukeni kunye noxinzelelo lwe-nervous kwi-fetus, kwaye ngaloo ndlela umsebenzi wayo uyanda ngaphakathi kwesibeleko.
Ngenyanga yesithoba yokukhulelwa, abanye oomama banokuziva beswele ukunyakaza kwe-fetus. Ungakhathazeki, oku kuthathwa njengesiqhelo ngenxa yokunyuka kobungakanani be-fetus kunye nesithuba esilinganiselweyo ngaphakathi kwesibeleko. Nangona kunjalo, umama kufuneka anikele ingqalelo kwaye ajonge ukushukuma komntwana rhoqo ukuze aqinisekise ukhuseleko lwakhe. UDkt Fekria Salama, uProfesa we-Obstetrics kunye ne-Gynecology e-Ain Shams Medicine, ucebisa ukuba uzolile kwaye akhululeke ngexesha lokukhulelwa ukwenzela ukuba uxinzelelo okanye ukuxhalaba akuchaphazeli umntwana.
Kwelinye icala, ukutshaya kuthathwa njengento eyingozi enokuthi ichaphazele intshukumo yomntwana. Ukutshaya kunciphisa inani le-oksijini kumzimba wesifazane okhulelweyo, kwaye ngaloo ndlela kuthintela ukuhanjiswa kweoksijini ebalulekileyo kwi-fetus, echaphazela kakubi impilo yayo.
